15, in which this issue has been fixed. 17. Mar 29, 2011 · 4. Update command will perform on the data level. MySQL Programs. NULL constraints on the table. DROP INDEX name ON table; Press CTRL+C to copy. See Section 15. ALTER Command is used to add, delete, modify the attributes of the relations (tables) in the database. OPTIMIZE TABLE is supported with the addition of online DDL support for rebuilding regular and partitioned InnoDB tables. OPTIMIZE TABLE does a table repair and a key analysis, and Nov 2, 2023 · The basic syntax to optimize a MySQL table is: mysqlcheck -o database_name table_name -u username -p. MySQL Server Administration This statement requires SELECT and INSERT privileges for the table. Dec 29, 2023 · The basic syntax of the ALTER TABLE command follows a simple structure: ALTER TABLE table_name ACTION; Where ACTION can be various commands like ADD, DROP, MODIFY, etc. Partitioned MyISAM tables created in previous versions of MySQL are not compatible with MySQL 8. Is it possible to optimize all tables with this property in one command in SQL o Aug 19, 2020 · A 10-row alter will be so fast that the "Algorithm" won't make a noticeable difference. このステートメントのパーティション化されたテーブルでの使用やテーブルパーティションについては、 セクション24. 4「パーティションの保守」 を参照してください。. The overhead of index creation is negligible compared to the cost of query execution without the index. To optimize several tables simultaneously, list them separated by commas: OPTIMIZETABLE table_name1, table_name2, table_name3; For descriptions of all table options, see Section 13. Beginning with MySQL 5. The second statement updates the histograms for c1 and c3, leaving the c2 histogram unaffected. DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY when given as table options. Following the table name, specify the alterations to be made. Tutorial. sql mysql db_name < dump. 6 and I am trying to optimize a large table without mysql recreating it. May 12, 2010 · For InnoDB tables, OPTIMIZE TABLE is mapped to ALTER TABLE, which rebuilds the table to update index statistics and free unused space in the clustered index. Installing and Upgrading MySQL. ANALYZE TABLE works with InnoDB, NDB, and MyISAM tables. ALTER TABLE permits them only as partitioning options, and, as of MySQL 5. NDB Cluster 8. Preface and Legal Notices. Another way to perform a defragmentation operation is to use mysqldump to dump the table to a text file, drop the table, and reload it from the dump file. For example: OPTIMIZETABLE your_table_name; Simply replace your_table_name with the actual name of the table you want to optimize. 1 ALTER TABLE Partition Operations. OPTIMIZE TABLE is also supported for dynamic columns of in-memory NDB tables. Before an in-place online DDL operation can finish, it must wait for transactions that hold metadata locks on the table to commit or roll back. 9. 2, “Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines”, for more information. 0 Reference Manual. The online DDL feature provides support for instant and in-place table alterations and concurrent DML. 17,The table rebuild triggered by OPTIMIZE TABLE and performed under the cover by ALTER TABLE FORCE is completed in place (ALGORITHM =inplace) Others say that OPTIMIZE actually calls the ALTER TABLE command when executing against InnoDB tables. Dec 9, 2010 · Why you shouldn’t necessarily optimize tables with MySQL OPTIMIZE. sql To rebuild all the tables in a single database, specify the database name without any following table name: Dec 12, 2008 · Documented bugfix in the 5. tables->WHERE table REPAIR TABLE repairs a possibly corrupted table, for certain storage engines only. After the copy is finished, it will rename, then drop the old table. Connect to your MySQL database, and execute the following query, which will display how much unused space are available in every table. If you don't specify a name, the server generates a default name, as the name of the first column in the index May 9, 2016 · Yes. Quoting from the Mysql manual : For InnoDB tables, OPTIMIZE TABLE is mapped to ALTER TABLE, which rebuilds the table to update index statistics and free unused space in the clustered index. 1. You hope that you have enough space for the copy table needed to do this, and any space freed up by optimizing the small Table maintenance of partitioned tables can be accomplished using the statements CHECK TABLE , OPTIMIZE TABLE , ANALYZE TABLE, and REPAIR TABLE, which are supported for partitioned tables. OPTIMIZE TABLE does a table repair and a key analysis, and also sorts . Identify Tables for Optimization. Both of the methods are described in MySQL documentation. Jan 26, 2016 · 1. OPTIMIZE TABLE は、パーティションテーブルでサポートされています。. デフォルトでは Note. It’s still greater than 0. 15. With InnoDB, OPTIMIZE yet again maps to an ALTER TABLE statement, which means that there will be a table rebuild, which in turn updates the indexes (causing, obviously, a lock on the table). 6 that include temporal columns ( DATE , DATETIME or TIMESTAMP ) and have not been rebuilt using ALGORITHM=COPY do not support ALGORITHM=INPLACE . So I think it's the case that, yes, COPY does defrag indexes, but so does INPLACE (somehow), nullifying it as a potential advantage of COPY . To coalesce fragmented rows and eliminate wasted space that results from deleting or updating rows, run myisamchk in recovery mode: $> myisamchk -r tbl_name. Jul 19, 2022 · Summary. Create a new table like the existing table Aug 16, 2011 · Internally, OPTIMIZE TABLE perform several operations (copying data to a temp file, recreate indexes, recompute index statistics). In fact, the example I have can be performed manually as shown. mysql> use bobcares; mysql> OPTIMIZE TABLE EMPLOYEE; There are a few things to keep in mind when optimising a table: InnoDB, MyISAM, and ARCHIVE tables can all benefit from table optimization. An online DDL operation may briefly require an ANALYZE TABLE はパーティションテーブルでサポートされており、 ALTER TABLE ANALYZE PARTITION を使用して 1 つ以上のパーティションを分析できます。. If the INPLACE algorithm cannot be used, MySQL will tell you so and then you can revert to using DEFAULT (ie: copy) or use pt-online-schema-change. Actually our application executes lot of DML statements and once a week we purge the data so we need to shrink ". Such tables must be prepared prior to upgrade, either by removing the partitioning, or by converting them to InnoDB. You can use it in many cases. Simply using a partition_options clause with ALTER TABLE on a partitioned table repartitions the TABLE to reclaim the unused space and to defragment the data file. General Information. Oct 21, 2022 · MySQL offers a way to defragment a table using a simple command, OPTIMIZE TABLE. You can use OPTIMIZE. First, log in to the MySQL Server using the root account: mysql -u root -p Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) It’ll prompt you to enter a password for the root account. 4. If I view the CREATE TABLE syntax for the table I can see that the ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC is set. Alter command will perform the action on structure level and not on the data level. Feb 21, 2024 · You can execute this command through any MySQL client. Jul 2, 2015 · At the MySQL documentation I read this: To coalesce fragmented rows and eliminate wasted space that results from deleting or updating rows, run myisamchk in recovery mode: shell> myisamchk -r tbl_name. When using MyISAM, I used to run Optimize and Repair table. Note that I'm using barracuda format and file-per-table. You can just use: ALTER TABLE myTable ENGINE=InnoDB; 3. TABLE can be used with partitioned tables for repartitioning, to add, drop, discard, import, merge, and split partitions, and to perform partitioning maintenance. OPTIMIZE PARTITION OPTIMIZE TABLE. In this example, we optimize the EMPLOYEE table. 2 and later supports setting NDB_TABLE options for controlling a table's partition balance (fragment count type), read-from-any-replica capability, full replication, or any combination of these, as part of the table comment for an ALTER TABLE statement in the same manner as for CREATE TABLE, as shown in this example: --skip-new オプションを使用して mysqld を起動することによって、その他のストレージエンジンに対して OPTIMIZE TABLE を機能させることができます。 この場合、OPTIMIZE TABLE は単に ALTER TABLE にマップされます。 このステートメントはビューでは機能しません。 To rebuild FULLTEXT indexes for an InnoDB table, use ALTER TABLE with the DROP INDEX and ADD INDEX options to drop and re-create each index. This includes adjusting the buffer pool size, log file size, and query cache size, among others Apr 25, 2016 · This tutorial explains how to optimize MySQL to defrag tables and reclaim unused space. If you’re running Innodb Plugin on Percona Server with XtraDB you get the benefit of a great new feature – ability to build indexes by sort instead of via insertion. Percona XtraBackup will refuse to take backups from MySQL 8. 6. 12. I didn't clock the raw alter table, but instead experimented with equivalent load data infile statement, finally I did the straight alter table and got comparable result. To achieve high performance, TRUNCATE. However, ALTER TABLE ignores DATA. I'm running mysql 5. Database performance depends on several factors at the database level, such as tables, queries, and configuration settings. But none of the methods helped. 0. サンプルコード：. 7. Dropping an index. Simply using a partition_options clause with ALTER TABLE on a partitioned table repartitions the Nov 13, 2014 · OPTIMIZE PARTITION rebuilds the entire table. Replace username with your MySQL username. ALTER TABLE (ONLINE) The problem of OPTIMIZE and ALTER TABLE is, that it locks the table during operation. -- Syntax: Use your_database_name; mysql> USE test; 目的のデータベースに接続したら、次の After adding the index, the optimizer can treat the materialized derived table the same as a regular table with an index, and it benefits similarly from the generated index. Aug 9, 2022 · Reporting a note to users that the table does not support optimize, while in fact executing a change to the table that is something like optimize, is a source of confusion for users. ALTER TABLE mytable ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC; OPTIMIZE TABLE mytable; To no errors and the following output: mydb. mytable, you enter this command: OPTIMIZE TABLE mydb. MySQL 8. For InnoDB tables, OPTIMIZE is mapped to ALTER TABLE. Logically, TRUNCATE. This question is related to at least following questions: MySQL: add a field to a large table; Add a new column in a large mysql table ANALYZE TABLE with the DROP HISTOGRAM clause removes histogram statistics for the named table columns from the data dictionary. May 6, 2017 · As of MySQL 5. I can confirm that using the correct configuration (such as the default AWS MySQL 5. 17,OPTIMIZE TABLE uses online DDL for regular and partitioned InnoDB tables. We can defragment the table in our previous example as follows: OPTIMIZE TABLE frag_table; Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) If you use a storage engine that doesn’t support the OPTIMIZE TABLE command, you can use a null ALTER TABLE operation: Dec 16, 2018 · OPTIMIZE TABELを全テーブルに実行. An exclusive table lock is only taken briefly during the prepare phase and the commit phase of the operation. There is no syntax for ALTER TABLE <name> OPTIMIZE (except for a specified partition). I manually ran OPTIMIZE TABLE and the suggested ALTER TABLE but none of them removed the overhead. But Sep 29, 2016 · That 31% does not translate into anything more than a negligible slowdown. When the server is started with the --skip-new option. 18, “CREATE TABLE Statement”. 17. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. TRUNCATE [TABLE] tbl_name. This process can be a lot faster, especially for large indexes which would get inserts in very random order Feb 15, 2023 · The MySQL ALTER TABLE statement is a powerful tool for modifying the structure of your database tables. Now, when you have all the tables list for optimization: This statement requires SELECT and INSERT privileges for the table. 30 and 6. You can optimize a table in the same way by using the OPTIMIZE TABLE SQL statement. A coworker maintains that an "OPTIMIZE TABLE" query is exactly the same as dropping a table and restoring it in with a single operation. UPDATE Command is used to update existing records in Feb 27, 2010 · OPTIMISE TABLE will be faster as the data will not have to be converted to a textual format used by mysqldump and then digested by the mysql command line client. May 5, 2017 · Basically, you are doing an OPTIMIZE on the table. 次のコマンドを使用してデータベースに接続する必要があります。. MySQL NDB Cluster 7. まず、最適化するテーブルを分析する必要があります。. 예제 코드: mysql>SELECTTABLE_NAME, data_length, data_free->FROM information_schema. TABLE to reclaim the unused space and to defragment the data file. Feb 2, 2017 · If you have deleted most of the rows from a table, OPTIMIZE table needs only enough room to build a new, smaller, copy. TABLE is similar to a DELETE statement that deletes all rows, or a sequence of DROP TABLE and CREATE TABLE statements. mytable optimize note Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead mydb. Partitioning-related clauses for ALTER. Although normally you should never have to run REPAIR TABLE, if disaster strikes, this statement is very likely to get back all your data from a MyISAM table. The following example demonstrates how to enable the stage/innodb/alter table% stage event instruments and related consumer tables to monitor ALTER TABLE progress. When deleting 1/2 a table, an OPTIMIZE after is a 10. TABLE for performing operations of this type on one or more partitions directly, as described in the following list: OPTIMIZE TABLE uses online DDL for regular and partitioned InnoDB tables, which reduces downtime for concurrent DML operations. These software constructs result in CPU and I/O operations at the hardware level, which you must minimize and make as efficient as possible. OPTIMIZE TABLE does a table repair and a key analysis, and also sorts You can monitor ALTER TABLE progress for InnoDB tables using Performance Schema. Table maintenance of partitioned tables can be accomplished using the statements CHECK TABLE , OPTIMIZE TABLE , ANALYZE TABLE, and REPAIR TABLE, which are supported for partitioned tables. . With that in mind, I ran the ALTER TABLE command against one of the InnoDB tables identified as being fragmented (data_free > 0) and found that the data_free did not change afterwards. All partitions will be rebuilt and analyzed. There are seven stage events that represent different phases of ALTER TABLE. 4 MyISAM Table Optimization. I don't see anything can be done here. You can also use an ALTER TABLE statement, the ALTER TABLE will work in the same way as OPTIMIZE TABLE. We have found that optimizing our tables nightly greatly increases our DB performance during daily use. Description: Credit shared with Rich Prohaska and Joel Epstein. 3. 9. 5. So, you clearly have enough disk space. Jul 4, 2014 · 1. Aug 11, 2017 · For MyISAM tables, you can speed up the index re-creation operation (which is the slowest part of the alteration process) by setting the myisam_sort_buffer_size system variable to a high value. Second, switch the current database to classicmodels: use classicmodels; Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) Third, analyze the customers table: Apr 11, 2023 · UPDATE Command is a Data Manipulation Language (DML). 29 tables that have been modified using this algorithm. Here, database_name is the name of the database, and table_name is the name of the table you want to optimize. The third statement removes the histogram for c2 , leaving those for c1 and c3 unaffected. 2. You can use a number of extensions to ALTER. 5, “Performance Schema Stage Event Tables” . 4 supports online operations using the same ALGORITHM=INPLACE syntax used with the standard MySQL Server. Is it not possible to optimize without recreate in this Dec 11, 2023 · MySQL でテーブルを最適化する. If you do not specify an algorithm, all ALTER TABLE ADD/DROP COLUMN statements will use the default algorithm. 8 changelogs as follows: The server attempted to execute the statements ALTER TABLE ANALYZE PARTITION, ALTER TABLE CHECK PARTITION, ALTER TABLE OPTIMIZE PARTITION, and ALTER TABLE REORGANIZE PARTITION on tables that were not partitioned. 1 Optimization Overview. ALTER TABLE. OPTIMIZE TABLE works for InnoDB , MyISAM, and 2. mytable; Note that mysql performs something the following under the ANALYZE TABLE t DROP HISTOGRAM ON c2; The first statement updates the histograms for columns c1, c2, and c3, replacing any existing histograms for those columns. 1. Nov 21, 2023 · Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL OPTIMIZE TABLE statement to improve the performance of the database. After extensive changes to a table, this statement may also improve performance of statements that use the table, sometimes significantly. Mar 17, 2009 · The alter table adds 2 small columns. Optimizing InnoDB Full-Text Indexes Running OPTIMIZE TABLE on a table with a full-text index rebuilds the full-text index, removing deleted Document IDs and consolidating multiple entries for the same word A number of table and partition maintenance tasks can be carried out using SQL statements intended for such purposes on partitioned tables in MySQL 5. You can do ALTER TABLE DISABLE KEYS first, then add column and then ALTER TABLE ENABLE KEYS. How to repeat: mysql> select version(); +-----------+. It requires the DROP privilege. 2, “ALTER TABLE and Generated Columns” . By using this option after major changes to the table, you might be able to get higher performance. Tables created before MySQL 5. If the table had its own tablespace (built with innodb_file_per_table=ON), then the freed space will be returned to the OS. As for your mysteriously high "data_free", I wonder if you are storing this table in the shared system tablespace. 8, “Online DDL Limitations” . 詳細は、 セクション13. To use ALTER TABLE, you need ALTER , CREATE, and INSERT privileges for the table. Only one table name is permitted for this syntax. Introduction to MySQL OPTIMIZE TABLE statement. If two threads OPTIMIZE and ALTER the same TABLE at the same time, the following deadlock is possible: 1) ALTER TABLE thread has a TL_READ lock on the table, and a MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE metadata lock, which it wants to upgrade to MDL_EXCLUSIVE, but cannot, because 2) OPTIMIZE TABLE thread has a MDL_SHARED_WRITE metadata lock. The first step is to identify whether you have fragmentation on your MySQL database. 29. The -p flag prompts you for the password. Dec 18, 2021 · When the old_alter_table system variable is enabled. OPTIMIZE TABLE vs DUMP and RELOAD. Feb 3, 2012 · An optimize on innodb is effectively just running alter table engine=innodb to rebuild it, reclaiming empty space that is the result of deleting many rows. As a dry run I ran the same command (optimize table) on a smaller table in the same DB and mysql insists on a recreate+analyze instead. Each stage event reports a running total of WORK_COMPLETED and WORK_ESTIMATED for the overall ALTER TABLE operation as it progresses through its different phases. 예제 코드: mysql> OPTIMIZETABLE tableName1, tableName2; 이제 다음 명령을 사용하여 원하는 테이블이 최적화되었는지 확인합니다. Oct 30, 2017 · MySQL configuration optimization involves tuning various server variables to improve performance. You can monitor ALTER TABLE progress for InnoDB tables using Performance Schema. ibd" file size. Benefits of this feature include: Improved responsiveness and availability in busy production environments, where making a table unavailable for minutes or hours is not practical. まぁ何のことはなく、SHOW TABLE STATUSで To rebuild FULLTEXT indexes for an InnoDB table, use ALTER TABLE with the DROP INDEX and ADD INDEX options to drop and re-create each index. DATA_FREE &gt; 0. 7. You probably won't see a diff for 1000 rows. The implementation is the same on the server-side. ,As of MySQL 5. OPTIMIZE TABLE works for InnoDB , MyISAM, and ARCHIVE tables. The OPTIMIZE TABLE statement allows you to reorganize the physical storage of table data to reclaim unused storage space and improve performance when accessing the table. Example: If you optimize mydb. Aug 9, 2022 · For InnoDB, OPTIMIZE TABLE <name> does the same work as ALTER TABLE <name> FORCE or ALTER TABLE <name> ENGINE=InnoDB. PostgreSQLでは「vacuum」とSQLクエリに投げるだけで全テーブル最適化してくれたのですが、OPTIMIZE TABLEの場合はひとつひとつテーブル名を指定しなければならないのでPHPで作りました。. Whether you’re adding new columns, modifying existing ones, or changing indexes or constraints, the ALTER TABLE statement gives you the flexibility and control you need to optimize your database schema. As you work on database performance, you start by Jul 25, 2008 · OPTIMIZE TABLE will not sort R-tree indexes unless you are using version >= 5. If you are using InnoDB then you can do another trick, This will rebuild the table by copying all the rows to a new table space and replacing the current table once done. 7 Aurora 여러 테이블을 최적화하려면 다음 쿼리를 사용하십시오. I ran mysqltuner on my server which showed 14 fragmented tables - I have a total of 14 tables. However You can use OPTIMIZE TABLE to reclaim the unused space and to defragment the data file. For example, to add a new column: ALTER TABLE Employees ADD BirthDate date; -- Adds a new column 'BirthDate' of type date to 'Employees' table. For information about Performance Schema stage event instruments and related consumers, see Section 29. If none are given, ALTER TABLE does nothing. These tables should have information_schema. mytable optimize status OK. 34 OR >= 5. This statement requires SELECT and INSERT privileges for the table. It does not work for fixed-width columns of in-memory tables, nor does it work for Disk Data tables. To rebuild a table by dumping and reloading it, use mysqldump to create a dump file and mysql to reload the file: mysqldump db_name t1 > dump. Yes, it is a chunk of disk space, but optimize needs 100% to do its task because it copies the table over. The table rebuild triggered by OPTIMIZE. Optimizing InnoDB Full-Text Indexes Running OPTIMIZE TABLE on a table with a full-text index rebuilds the full-text index, removing deleted Document IDs and consolidating multiple entries for the same word Mar 27, 2014 · OPTIMIZE TABLE for INNODB or PARTITIONED INNODB tables used ALTER TABLE FORCE operation internally to address the fragmentation problem prior to MySQL 5. An estimate of how much data isn't actually being used can be found by comparing the data_length and data_free numbers in show table status. If innodb_file_per_table is turned on (it's turned on by default), then you can reclaim that space using OPTIMIZE TABLE. The table copy method is used instead. You can optimize/check and repair all the tables of database, using mysql client. sudo mysqlcheck --analyze --all-databases Then, do the optimize once a month or once a quarter. VALIDATION clauses affect whether ALTER TABLE performs an in-place operation for virtual generated column modifications. Jan 23, 2022 · You can accomplish defragmentation with OPTIMIZE TABLE <name>; or ALTER TABLE <name> FORCE; A possible strategy is to optimize each of your tables, starting with the smallest table and doing one by one in order of size. In some cases, it might make sorting easier for MySQL if the table is in order by the column that you want to order it by later. However, with InnoDB, these don't work. Command: In MySQL’s InnoDB storage engine, the OPTIMIZE TABLE command can be used to reorganize a table and its associated indexes. Tables consume some space that isn't actively in use, but Amazon RDS allocates that space to the tables anyway. Jun 7, 2022 · The first method, as shown below, is to use the Optimize table command. See this list of online DDL operations. OPTIMIZE TABLE works for InnoDB, MyISAM, and ARCHIVE tables. ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP INDEX name; The table remains available for read and write operations while the index is being dropped. Jun 23, 2009 · I'd like to OPTIMIZE all currently fragmented tables. Apr 15, 2006 · This option is useful primarily when you know that you are mostly to query the rows in a certain order most of the time. This involves doing a table copy and taking a strong lock in the SQL-layer which blocks all concurrent changes to the table, thus causing the downtime. 17, requires that you have the FILE privilege. Table does not support optimize on partitions. OPTIMIZE TABLE using online DDL is not supported for InnoDB tables that contain FULLTEXT indexes. Press CTRL+C to copy. At least it serves no purpose to return this note. 27, this is displayed in the output of OPTIMIZE TABLE when you run it on an InnoDB table, as shown here: This process retains the existing index but attempts to optimize its layout. 3. 12 InnoDB and Online DDL. Whereas with ALTER TABLE, you may specify a name for the index, but you don't have to. I have a curious question about InnoDB. The only difference is that with CREATE INDEX syntax, you must specify a name for the index. TRUNCATE TABLE empties a table completely. 4「パーティションの保守」 を参照 @DavePoole Nice theory, but I suspect it's off the mark since OPTIMIZE TABLE (which I believe has defragging indexes as a large part of its purpose) uses ALGORITHM=INPLACE as of MySQL 5. Algorithm INSTANT is the new default in 8. 37 TRUNCATE TABLE Statement. For details, see Section 17. See Section 26. 9「ALTER TABLE ステートメント」 および セクション24. First, you should get all the tables list, separated with ',': mysql -u[USERNAME] -p[PASSWORD] -Bse 'show tables' [DB_NAME]|xargs|perl -pe 's/ /,/g'. Renaming a table requires ALTER and DROP on the old table, ALTER , CREATE, and INSERT on the new table. Nov 26, 2020 · Jun 24, 2015: guideline for calling optimize table after alter table? Feb 27, 2013: What is the difference between optimize table and analyze table in mysql; Aug 04, 2011: Optimizing InnoDB default settings; I recommend doing analyze daily or weekly. ALTER TABLE tbl_name ENGINE=INNODB. This made the code easy, but the performance not as good as it could be. edited Dec 4, 2021 at 22:23. Impact: Performance: Reorganizing is generally less resource-intensive than rebuilding, as it doesn’t need to recreate the index You can use OPTIMIZE. The following limitations apply to online DDL operations: The table is copied when creating an index on a TEMPORARY TABLE . Mysqltuner still says that tables are fragmented. TABLE is completed in place. While Amazon RDS accepts the OPTIMIZE TABLE command 15. The INSTANT algorithm is considered unstable at this point. Some history: Originally ALTER had exactly one way of being performed under the hood. answered. ri vq ya hu fq hv gj lk la hq